Which Of The Following Is Not A Function Of Agricultural Marketing Service Of Usda? Fos3042

Process of moving agricultural products from the farm to the consumer

Agronomical marketing covers the services involved in moving an agricultural product from the farm to the consumer. These services involve the planning, organizing, directing and treatment of agronomical produce in such a fashion equally to satisfy farmers, intermediaries and consumers. Numerous interconnected activities are involved in doing this, such as planning production, growing and harvesting, grading, packing and packaging, transport, storage, agro- and food processing, provision of market data, distribution, advertising and sale. Effectively, the term encompasses the entire range of supply chain operations for agronomical products, whether conducted through advert hoc sales or through a more integrated concatenation, such as one involving contract farming.

Agricultural marketing development [edit]

A typical marketplace in Africa

Efforts to develop agronomical marketing have, particularly in developing countries, tended to concentrate on a number of areas, specifically infrastructure evolution; information provision; training of farmers and traders in marketing and post-harvest issues; and back up to the evolution of an appropriate policy environment. In the past, efforts were made to develop government-run marketing bodies simply these have tended to become less prominent over the years.^[1]

Agronomical Marketplace infrastructure [edit]

Efficient marketing infrastructure such as wholesale, retail and associates markets and storage facilities is essential for cost-constructive marketing, to minimize post-harvest losses and to reduce health risks. Markets play an of import role in rural evolution, income generation, nutrient security, and developing rural-market linkages. Experience shows that planners need to be aware of how to blueprint markets that meet a customs's social and economic needs and how to choose a suitable site for a new market. In many cases sites are chosen that are inappropriate and upshot in nether-use or fifty-fifty no utilise of the infrastructure constructed. It is also not sufficient just to build a market place: attending needs to be paid to how that market volition be managed, operated and maintained.^{[two] [3]}

Rural assembly markets are located in production areas and primarily serve as places where farmers can encounter with traders to sell their products. These may exist occasional (perhaps weekly) markets, such equally haat bazaars in India and Nepal, or permanent.^[ii] Terminal wholesale markets are located in major metropolitan areas, where produce is finally channelled to consumers through trade between wholesalers and retailers, caterers, etc.^[4] The characteristics of wholesale markets take changed considerably as retailing changes in response to urban growth, the increasing function of supermarkets and increased consumer spending capacity. These changes may crave responses in the style in which traditional wholesale markets are organized and managed.^[5]

Retail marketing systems in western countries take broadly evolved from traditional street markets through to the modern hypermarket or out-of-town shopping center. In developing countries, there remains scope to improve agricultural marketing past constructing new retail markets, despite the growth of supermarkets, although municipalities often view markets primarily as sources of acquirement rather than infrastructure requiring development. Effective regulation of markets is essential. Inside a market, both hygiene rules and revenue collection activities have to be enforced. Of equal importance, however, is the maintenance of order exterior the market. Licensed traders in a market place will not exist willing to cooperate in raising standards if they face contest from unlicensed operators exterior who exercise not pay whatever of the costs involved in providing a proper service.^{[half dozen]}

Market information [edit]

Efficient market information can exist shown to have positive benefits for farmers and traders. Up-to-appointment information on prices and other market factors enables farmers to negotiate with traders and too facilitates spatial distribution of products from rural areas to towns and betwixt markets.^[seven] Most governments in developing countries have tried to provide market information services to farmers, but these take tended to experience problems of sustainability. Moreover, fifty-fifty when they function, the service provided is ofttimes insufficient to allow commercial decisions to exist made because of time lags betwixt information collection and dissemination.^[8] Modern communications technologies open the possibility for market data services to amend data delivery through SMS on cell phones and the rapid growth of FM radio stations in many developing countries offers the possibility of more than localised data services. In the longer run, the cyberspace may go an constructive style of delivering information to farmers. Even so, issues associated with the cost and accurateness of information collection still remain to be addressed. Fifty-fifty when they have access to marketplace information, farmers often require assist in interpreting that data. For example, the market price quoted on the radio may refer to a wholesale selling toll and farmers may have difficulty in translating this into a realistic toll at their local assembly market place.^[9] Various attempts have been fabricated in developing countries to introduce commercial marketplace information services simply these have largely been targeted at traders, commercial farmers or exporters. It is not easy to see how pocket-sized, poor farmers tin can generate sufficient income for a commercial service to be assisting although in Republic of india a new service introduced by Thomson Reuters was reportedly used by over 100,000 farmers in its offset year of performance. Esoko in W Africa attempts to subsidize the price of such services to farmers by charging access to a more advanced characteristic fix of mobile-based tools to businesses.

Marketing training [edit]

Farmers ofttimes consider marketing as being their major problem. However, while they are able to place such problems as poor prices, lack of transport and high post-harvest losses, they are oftentimes poorly equipped to identify potential solutions. Successful marketing requires learning new skills, new techniques and new ways of obtaining data. Extension officers working with ministries of agriculture or NGOs are frequently well-trained in agricultural production techniques but commonly lack cognition of marketing or post-harvest handling.^[10]

Enabling environments [edit]

Agronomical marketing needs to exist conducted within a supportive policy, legal, institutional, macro-economic, infrastructural and bureaucratic environment. Traders and others are more often than not reluctant to make investments in an uncertain policy climate, such as those that restrict imports and exports or internal produce motility. Businesses have difficulty functioning when their trading activities are hampered by excessive bureaucracy. Inappropriate law can distort and reduce the efficiency of the market, increase the costs of doing business and retard the development of a competitive individual sector. Poor back up institutions, such equally agricultural extension services, municipalities that operate markets inefficiently and inadequate export promotion bodies, can be particularly damaging. Poor roads increase the cost of doing business, reduce payments to farmers and increase prices to consumers. Finally, abuse can increment the transaction costs faced by those in the marketing chain.

Agricultural marketing support [edit]

Most governments accept at some stage made efforts to promote agricultural marketing improvements. In the United States the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) is a division of USDA and has programs that provide testing, support standardization and grading and offer market news services. AMS oversees marketing agreements and orders enquiry and promotion programs. It too purchases bolt for federal food programs. USDA also provides support to agricultural marketing work at various universities. In the United Kingdom, support for marketing of some bolt was provided before and after the 2d World State of war by boards such equally the Milk Marketing Board and the Egg Marketing Board. These boards were closed down in the 1970s. As a colonial power, Britain established marketing boards in many countries, particularly in Africa. Some continue to exist although many were closed at the time of the introduction of structural adjustment measures in the 1990s.

Several developing countries accept established government-sponsored marketing or agribusiness units. South Africa, for case, started the National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC),^[11] as a response to the deregulation of the agriculture manufacture and closure of marketing boards in the country. India has the long-established National Institute of Agricultural Marketing. These are primarily enquiry and policy organizations, simply other agencies provide facilitating services for marketing channels, such as the provision of infrastructure, market information and documentation support. Examples from the Caribbean include the National Agronomical Marketing Development Corporation, ^[12] in Trinidad and Tobago and the New Guyana Marketing Corporation in Guyana.^[13]

Contempo developments [edit]

New marketing linkages between agribusiness, large retailers and farmers are gradually being developed, e.g. through contract farming, group marketing and other forms of collective action.^[14] Donors and NGOs are paying increasing attention to ways of promoting direct linkages between farmers and buyers^[15] within a value chain context. More attending is at present existence paid to the development of regional markets (e.thousand. Eastward Africa) and to structured trading systems that should facilitate such developments.^[sixteen] The growth of supermarkets, particularly in Latin America and East and South East Asia, is having a significant bear upon on marketing channels for horticultural, dairy and livestock products.^[17] Nevertheless, "spot" markets volition continue to be of import for many years, necessitating attention to infrastructure improvement such as for retail and wholesale markets.

See as well [edit]

• Agricultural value chain
• Nutrient marketing
• Wholesale marketing of food

References [edit]

1. ^ Abbott, John Cave; Food and Agronomics Arrangement of the United Nations (1986). Marketing Improvement in the Developing World: What Happens and what Nosotros Accept Learned. Food & Agronomics Org. pp. 3–. ISBN978-92-5-101427-ane.
2. ^ ^{a b} Tracey-White, John (2003). "Planning and Designing Rural Markets". Rome: Food And Agrilculture Organization Of The Un.
3. ^ Marocchino, Cecilia (2009). "A guide to upgrading rural agricultural retail markets" (PDF). Rome: Nutrient And Agrilculture Arrangement Of The Un.
4. ^ Tracey-White John. "Wholesale markets: Planning and Design Manual". Rome: FAO. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
5. ^ Reardon T.; Timmer P.; Berdegue J. "The Rapid Ascent of Supermarkets in Developing Countries: Induced Organizational, Institutional, and Technological Change in Agrifood Systems" (PDF). electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics. Retrieved 19 Apr 2017.
6. ^ Tracey-White, J (1995). "Retail markets planning guide". FAO, Rome.
7. ^ Goyal, Aparajita (July 2010). "Information, Direct Admission to Farmers, and Rural Marketplace Operation in Central India".
8. ^ Shepherd, Andrew W (1997). "Market information services – Theory and Do" (PDF). FAO, Rome.
9. ^ Shepherd, Andrew W (2000). "Understanding and Using Market place Information" (PDF). FAO, Rome.
10. ^ Dixie, Grahame (2007). "Horticultural Marketing, Marketing Extension Guide 5" (PDF). FAO, Rome.
11. ^ "National Agronomical Marketing Council (NAMC)".
12. ^ National Agricultural Marketing Development Corporation (NAMDEVCO)
13. ^ "New Guyana Marketing Corporation".
14. ^ Helen Markelova and Ruth Meinzen-Dick "Collective activeness and marketplace admission for smallholders: A summary of findings" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2009-01-15 . CAPRi/IFPRI 2007
15. ^ Shepherd, Andrew West (2007). "Approaches to linking producers to markets" (PDF). FAO, Rome.
16. ^ CTA and EAGC. "Structured grain trading systems in Africa" (PDF). CTA. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
17. ^ Reardon, T., C.P. Timmer, C.B. Barrett, J. Berdegue. "The Rising of Supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America," American Journal of Agronomical Economic science, 85 (5), December 2003: 1140-1146.

External links [edit]

• Esoko (TradeNet) market information service for West Africa
• Regional Agricultural Merchandise Intelligence Network for East Africa
• Agricultural and Food Marketing Association of Asia and the Pacific (AFMA)
• Rural Finance Investment and Learning Center
• Marketing, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, National Agronomical Library (NAL)

Which Of The Following Is Not A Function Of Agricultural Marketing Service Of Usda? Fos3042,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_marketing

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